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The (Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia Scale ) (WPTAS) is a brief bedside standardised test that measures length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) in patients with traumatic brain injury. It consists of twelve questions that assess orientation to person, place and time, and ability to consistently retain new information from one day to another. It is administered once a day, each and every day, until the patient achieves a perfect score across three consecutive days, after which the individual is deemed to have emerged from post-traumatic amnesia.〔http://www.psy.mq.edu.au/pta/page6b.html〕 PTA may be deemed to be over on the first day of a recall of 12 for those who have been in PTA for greater than four weeks.〔Tate, R. L., Pfaff, A., Baguley, I. J., Marosszeky, J. E., Gurka, J. A., Hodgkinson, A. E., King, C., Lane-Brown, A. T., & Hanna, J. (2006). A multicentre, randomised trial examining the effect of test procedures measuring emergence from post-traumatic amnesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 77, 841-849.〕 The WPTAS is the most common post-traumatic amnesia scale used in Australia and New Zealand.〔Seeman, R. (2014). Prediction of outcomes following severe traumatic brain injury. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 26(1-2), 13-25.〕 While other tests of post-traumatic amnesia, such as the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test, tend to focus on the patient’s memories of the injury, which rely on potentially biased recall and unverifiable information, the WPTAS is composed of objective items that examine orientation and the ability to consistently retain simple information from one day to another. An abbreviated version of the WPTAS, the (Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale ) (AWPTAS),〔Meares, S., Shores, E. A., Taylor, A. J., Lammel, A., & Batchelor, J. (2011). Validation of the Abbreviated Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia Scale: A brief measure to identify acute cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury.Brain Injury, 25(12),1198-1205.〕 has been developed to assess patients with mild traumatic brain injury.〔Ponsford, J., Facem, P. C., Willmot, C., Rothwell, A., Kelly, A-M., Nelms, R., & Ng, K. T. (2004). Use of the Westmead PTA scale to monitor recovery of memory after mild head injury. Brain Injury, 18(6), 603-614.〕〔Shores, E. A., Lammel, A., Hullick, C., Sheedy, J., Flynn, M., Levick, W., & Batchelor, J. (2008). The diagnostic accuracy of the Revised Westmead PTA Scale as an adjunct to the Glasgow Coma Scale in the early identification of cognitive impairment in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurol. Neurosurg. Pyschiatry, 79, 100-1106.〕 ==Rationale and Development== The WPTAS was created in the 1980s and is an extension of The Oxford Scale.〔Artiola, I., Fortuny L., Briggs M., Newcombe F., Ratcliff G., Thomas C. (1986). Measuring the duration of post traumatic amnesia. The Med J Aust, 144, 569-72.〕 It was developed in response to the need for an objective measure of PTA following traumatic brain injury that examines not only orientation to person, place and time, but also crucially the ability to consistently remember new information from one day to another.〔Shores,E. A, Marosszeky, J.E., J Sandanam, J., & Batchelor J. (1986). Preliminary validation of a clinical scale for measuring the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. The medical journal of Australia, 144, 569-572.〕 The rationale for devising a post traumatic amnesia scale that adequately measures the ability to reliably lay down new memories is based on the “islands of memory” phenomenon, not uncommonly seen in the acute stages of severe traumatic brain injury, and recognised as early as 1932 by W.R. Russell.〔Russell W.R. Cerebral involvement in head injury. Brain 1932, 55, 549-603.〕 Russell observed that patients in the acute stage of a brain injury may demonstrate brief periods of sound memory of their surroundings, though such moments of clarity were nevertheless often found to be followed by further periods of confusion and amnesia.〔Symonds & Russell (1943). Accidental head injuries: Prognosis in service patients. The Lancet, 1, 7-10.〕 Symonds & Russell subsequently warn that it is an error to assume an individual has emerged from PTA based on his or her apparent sound awareness and memory at one particular point of observation; an error which may result in underestimating PTA duration. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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